Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) INTRODUCTION 1.1. Optical Character Recognition: Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the mechanical or electronic interpretation, reading of images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text (usually captured by a scanner or tablet) into machine-editable text. OCR is a playing field of research in pattern identification, artificial intelligence and machine vision. An OCR system enables you to take a book or a magazine article, feed it directly into an electronic computer file, and then edit the file using a word processor. All OCR systems include an optical scanner for reading text, and suave software for analyzing images. Most OCR systems use a mishmash of hardware (specialized circuit boards) and software to recognize characters, although some economical systems do it entirely through software. Advanced roman OCR systems can read text in large variety of fonts, but they still have difficulty with handwritten text. 1.2. History Of Optical Character Recognition: To comprehend the phenomena described in the above section, we have to look at the history of OCR [3, 4, 6], its improvement, recognition methods, computer technologies, and the differences between humans and machines [1, 2, 5, 7, 8]. It is always intriguing to be able to find ways of enabling a computer to ape human functions, like the ability to read, to write, to see things, and so on. OCR research and development can be traced back to the early 1950s, when scientists tried to confine the images of characters and texts, first by mechanical and optical means of rotating disks and photomultiplier, flying spot scanner with a cathode ray tube lens, followed by photocells and arrays of them. At first, the scanning operation was dawdling and one line of characters could be digitized at a time by moving the scanner or the paper medium. Subsequently, the contraptions of drum and flatbed scanners arrived, which extended scanning to the full page. Then, advances in digital-integrated circui ts brought photo arrays with higher solidity, faster transports for documents and higher speed in scanning and digital conversions. These vital improvements greatly accelerated the speed of character recognition and abridged the cost, and opened up the possibilities of processing a great range of forms and documents. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, new OCR applications sprang up in retail businesses, banks, hospitals, post offices; insurance, railroad, and aircraft companies; newspaper publishers, and many other industries [3, 4].In parallel with these advances in hardware development, rigorous research on character recognition was taking place in the research laboratories of both academic and industrial sectors [6, 7]. Although both recognition techniques and computers were not that powerful in the in the early hours (1960s), OCR machines tended to make masses of errors when the print quality was poor, caused either by wide disparity in type fonts and roughness of the surface of the paper or by the cotton ribbons of the typewriters [5]. To make OCR work proficiently and economically, there was a big ram from OCR manufacturers and suppliers toward the standardization of print fonts, paper, and ink qualities for OCR applications. New fonts such as OCRA and OCRB were designed in the 1970s by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), respectively. These special fonts were quickly approved by the International Standards Organization (ISO) to facilitate the recognition process [3, 4, 6, 7]. As an upshot, very high identification rates became achievable at high speed and at reasonable costs. Such accomplishments also brought better printing traits of data and paper for practical applications. Actually, they completely revolutionize the data input industry [6] and eliminated the jobs of thousands of keypunch operators who were doing the really mundane work of keying data into the computer. 1.3. Common Steps Of OCR Processing: The method of converting documents into electronic forms, which is usually referred to as digitization is undertaken in different steps. The process of scanning a document and representing the scanned image for further processing is called the pre-processing or imaging stage. The process of manipulating the scanned image of a document to produce a searchable text is called the OCR processing stage. 1.3.1. The Imaging Stage: The imaging procedure involves scanning the document and storing it as an image. The most popular image format used for this purpose is called Tagged-Image File Format (TIFF). The resolution (number of dots per inch dpi) determines the accurateness rate of the OCR process. 1.3.2. The OCR Process: The major steps of the OCR processing stage are shown below. 1.3.3. Distinguishing Between Text And Images Segmentation: In this step, the process of recognizing the text and image blocks of the scanned image is undertaken. The boundaries of each image are analyzed in order to identify the text. 1.3.4. Character Recognition Feature Extraction: This step involves recognizing a character using a process known as feature extraction. OCR tools stockpiles rules about the characters of a given script using a method known as the learning course. A character is then identified by analyzing its shape and comparing its features adjacent to a set of rules stored on the OCR engine that distinguishes each character. 1.3.5. Recognition Of Character: Following the character identification process, character detection process is performed by comparing the string of characters against an existing dictionary of words. Additional processes such as spell-checking are performed under this step. 1.3.6. Output Formatting: The finishing step involves storing the output in one of the industry standard formats such as RTF, PDF, WORD and plain UNICODE text. 1.4. Pattern Recognition: Pattern recognition (also known as classification or pattern classification) is a field within the vicinity of artificial intelligence and can be defined as the act of taking in raw data and taking an action based on the category of the data. It uses methods from statistics, machine learning and other vicinities. Typical applications of pattern recognition are: Automatic speech identification. Classification of text into numerous categories (e.g. spam/non-spam email messages). The automatic identification of handwritten postal codes on postal envelopes. The automatic identification of images of human faces etc. The preceding three examples form the subtopicimage analysis of pattern recognition that pact with digital images as input to pattern recognition systems. Some trendy techniques for pattern recognition include: Neural Networks(NN) Hidden Markov Models(HMM) Bayesian networks (BN) The application domains of pattern identification include: Computer Vision Machine Vision Medical Image Analysis Optical Character Recognition Credit Scoring. 1.5. Applications Of The Pattern Recognition: Pattern recognition has many useful applications. Some of them are outlined below. Utilizes as a telecommunication aid for deaf, in airline reservation, in postal department for postal address reading (both handwritten and printed postal codes/addresses) and for medical diagnosis. For use in customer billing as in telephone exchange billing system, order data logging, and automatic finger print identification, as an automatic inspection system. In automated cartography, metallurgical industries, computer assisted forensic linguist system, electronic mail, information units and libraries and for facsimile. For direct processing of documents as a multipurpose document reader for large scale data processing, as a micro-film reader data input system, for high speed data entry, for changing text/graphics into a computer readable form, as electronic page reader to handle large volume of mail. 1.6. Scope Of This Work: The Project is designed to classify and identify a scanned image containing Arabic characters using two pace approaches. In the first pace the Arabic text image is preprocessed. And in the second pace it features are extracted. During the itinerary of work it is assumed that there is no noise in the image and the image is flawlessly scanned with no deviation from its original angle no skewing. 1.7. Objectives And Applications Of This Work: Arabic Optical Character Recognition can open a novel way of realizing the dream of the natural mode of communication amid man and machine in this part of the world. It will inflate and multiply already available knowledge to new horizons. Centurys aged rare script in Arabic, Urdu and Persian will become available to common man. The ultimate goal of character recognition is to conjure up the human reading capabilities. Character recognition systems can contribute immensely to the advancement of the automation process and can improve the interaction among man and machine in many applications, including office automation, check verification and a large variety of banking, business and data entry applications, library archives, documents identifications, e-books producing, invoice and shipping receipt processing, subscription collections, questionnaires processing, exam papers processing and many other applications[9], beside online address and signboard reading. 1.8. Thesis Organization: The remaining part of this thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter 2 describes review of literature. Chapter 3 describes Arabic script, its peculiarities and problems. Chapter 4 is regarding the development of Arabic Character identification and chapter 5 is about conclusions and future directions respectively. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Optical Character Recognition: Since the beginning of writing as a form of communication, paper prevailed as the medium for writing. Electronic media is replacing paper with time. Because it preserves space and is fast to access, electronic media are constantly gaining esteem. The convenience of paper, its pervasive used for communication and archiving, and the quantity of information already on paper, press for quick and accurate methods to automatically read that information and adapt it into electronic form [Albadr95]. The latent application areas of automatic reading machines are numerous. One of the earliest, and most thriving, applications is sorting checks in banks, as the volume of checks that circulates daily has proven to be too huge for manual entry. Other applications are detailed in the next section [Govindan90, Mantas86]. The machine imitation of human reading (i.e. optical character recognition) has been the subject of widespread research for more than five decades. Character identification is pattern recognition application with a crucial aim of simulating the human reading capabilities of both machine printed and handwritten cursive text. The currently available systems may interpret faster than humans, but cannot reliably read such a wide diversity of text nor consider context. One can say that a great quantity of further effort is required to, at least, narrow the gap between humans reading and machines reading capabilities. The practical significance of OCR applications, as well as the interesting nature of the OCR problem, has lead to great research interest and assessable advances in this field. Now, commercial OCR systems for Latin characters are commonly accessible on personal computers achieving recognition rates above 99% [McClelland91, Welch93]. Further, systems on the market can now inte rpret a variety of writing styles (e.g., hand-written, printed Omni-font), and character sets including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Cyrillic, and Arabic. Since the 50s, researchers have carried out far-reaching work and published many papers on character recognition. Nearly all of the published work on OCR has been on Latin, Japanese or Chinese characters. This has started since the median 40s for Latin, the middle of the 1960s for Chinese and Japanese. The following are positive surveys and reviews on Latin character recognition. Reference may be made to [Mori92] for historical appraisal of OCR research and development. The survey of [Govindan90] includes surveys of other languages; [Mantas86] has an overview of character identification methodologies, [Impedovo91] on commercial OCR systems, [Tian91] on machine-printed OCR, [Tappert90, Wakahara92] for on-line handwriting identification. [Suen80] has a survey on automatic identification of hand printed characters (viz. numerals, alphanumeric, FORTRAN, and Katakana), while [Nouboud90] produced a review of the recognition of hand-printed (non-cursive) characters and conducted beta tests on a business system. [Bozinovic89, Simon92] surveyed off-line cursive word recognition, Jain et al [Jain2000] reviewed statistical pattern recognition methods, and [Plamondon2000] comprehensive survey of online and offline handwriting identification. Two bibliographies of the fields of OCR and document scrutiny appeared in [Jenkins93, Kasturi92]. [Stallings76, Mori84], produced surveys on identification of Chinese machine- and hand-printed characters, respectively, and Liu et al [Liu2004] addressed the state of the art of online identification of Chinese characters. 2.2. General Review Of Arabic Character Recognition: Although almost one billion people world-wide, in several diverse languages, use Arabic characters for writing (Arabic, Persian, and Urdu are the most noted examples), Arabic character identification has not been researched as thoroughly as Latin, Japanese, or Chinese. The first published work on Arabic character acknowledgment may be traced back to 1975 by Nazif [Nazif75] in his masters thesis. In his thesis a system for the identification of printed Arabic characters was developed based on extracting strokes that he called radicals (20 radicals are used) and their positions. He used correlation between the templates of the deep-seated and the character image. A segmentation phase was included to segment the cursive text. Years later Badi and Shimura [Badi78, Badi80] and Noah [Nouh80] toiled on printed Arabic characters and Amin [Amin80] on hand-written Arabic characters. Surveys on AOTR may be referred in [Amin85a, Amin98, Shoukry89, Jambi91, Albadr95, Nabawi2000, Ahmed94]. On-line systems are restricted to recognizing hand-written text. Some systems recognize remote characters [Ali89, Amin80, Amin85b, Amin87, ElSheikh89, ElSheikh90b, ElWakil87, ElWakil89, Saadallah85] and hand-written mathematical formulas [ElSheikh90c, Amin91b], while others recognize cursive words [Badi78, Badi80, Badi82, Amin82a, Amin82b, Shaheen90, AlEmami90]. Since the segmentation problem in Arabic is non-trivial the concluding systems deal with a much harder problem. While several off-line systems use video cameras to digitize pages of text (e.g., [Abbas86, Goraine92, Amin86, HajHassan85, HajHassan90, Nouh80, Nouh87, Nouh89, Sarfraz2003, Sarfraz2004]), the inclination now is to use scanners with resolutions ranging from 200 to 400 dots per- inch (e.g., [AbdelAzim89c, AbdelAzim90a, AlYousefi88, Amin91a, Bouhlila89, ElDabi90, ElSheikh88a, Ramsis88, Sarfraz2003a, Sarfraz2003b, Zidouri2002, Zidouri2005]). Scanners set up less noise to an image, are less pricey, and more convenient to use for character recognition, especially when coupled with automatic document feeders, automatic Binarization, and image enhancement. Among the off-line systems that identify hand-written isolated characters are [Abuhaiba90, AlYousefi90, AlTikriti85, ElDesouky92, Hyder88]. [Abbas86, AbdelAzim89b, Goneid92] identify hand-written Arabic (Hindi) numerals, and [Badi80, Badi82, Goraine92, Jambi92, Zahour91] distinguish hand-written words. The majority of off-line systems distinguish typewritten cursive words [AbdelAzim89c, AbdelAzim90a, Bouhlila89, ElDabi90, Amin86, ElKhaly90, ElSheikh88b, Goraine89, Khella92, Margner92, Nazif75, Nouh87, Ramsis88, Tolba89, Tolba90, ElRamly89c, HajHassan90, HajHassan91], while [ElShiekh88a, Mahdi89, Mahmoud94, Nouh80, Nouh89, NurulUla88, Fayek92, Sarfraz2005d, Zidouri2005] identify only typewritten isolated characters. The systems of [Abdelazim90b, AlBadr92, ElGowely90, Kurdy92, Fakir93] are intended to recognize typeset words. One of the systems [Abdelazim89a] recognizes bilingual (Arabic/Latin) typewritten words. Examples of systems for detection of other languages that use Arabic scri pt are [Parhami81, Yalabik88, Hyder88], which are designed for the identification of Persian, Ottoman (Old Turkish), and Urdu, respectively. 2.3. Applications Of Optical Character Recognition: Optical character recognition technology has many practical applications that are independent of the treated language. The following are some of these applications: Financial Business Applications: For cataloging bank checks since the number of checks per day has been far too large for manual arrangement. Commercial Data Processing: For inflowing data into commercial data processing files, for example inflowing the names and addresses of mail order customers into a database. In addition, it can be worn as a work sheet reader for payroll accounting. In Postal Department: For postal address reading, cataloging and as a reader for handwritten and printed postal codes. In Newspaper Industry: Premium typescript may be read by recognition equipment into a computer typesetting system to keep away from typing errors that would be introduced by keypunching the text on computer peripheral equipment. Use By Blind: It is used as a reading abet using photo sensor and tactile simulators, and as a sensory aid with sound output. Additionally, it can be worn for reading text sheets and reproduction of Braille originals. In Facsimile Transmission: This procedure involves transmission of pictorial data over communications channels. In practice, the pictorial data is mainly text. Instead of transmitting characters in their pictorial representation, a character identification system could be used to recognize each character then transmit its text code. Finally, it is worth to say that the major potential application for automatic character identification is as a general data entry for the automation of the work of an ordinary office typist. 2.4. Development Of New OCR Techniques: As OCR research and development advanced, demands on handwriting identification also increased because a lot of data (such as addresses written on envelopes; sums written on checks; names, addresses, identity numbers, and dollar values written on invoices and forms) were written by hand and they had to be pierced into the computer for processing. But early OCR techniques were based generally on template matching, simple line and geometric features, stroke detection, and the extraction of their derivatives. Such techniques were not classy enough for practical identification of data handwritten on forms or documents. To cope with this, the Standards Committees in the United States, Canada, Japan, and some countries in Europe designed some handprint models in the 1970s and 1980s for people to write them in boxes [7]. Hence, characters written in such specified shapes did not diverge too much in styles, and they could be recognized more easily by OCR machines, especially when the data were pierced by controlled groups of people, for example, employees of the same company were asked to write their data like the advocated models. Sometimes writers were asked to follow certain bonus instructions to enhance the quality of their samples, for example, write big, close the loops, use simple shapes, do not link characters, and so on. With such constraints, OCR detection of handprints was able to flourish for a number of years. 2.5. Recent Trends And Movements: As the years of exhaustive research and development went by, and with the birth of several new conferences and workshops such as IWFHR (International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition), 1 ICDAR (International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition), 2 and others [13], identification techniques advanced rapidly. Moreover, computers became much more authoritative than before. People could write the way they normally did, and characters need not have to be written like specified models, and the subject of unimpeded handwriting recognition gained considerable momentum and grew swiftly. As of now, many new algorithms and techniques in pre-processing, feature extraction, and powerful classification methods have been urbanized [8, 9]. Chapter 3 ARABIC A CURSIVE SCRIPT 3.1. Arabic: Arabic is a semantic language used as principal language in most countries. Arabic is vocalized by 234 million people [9] and essential in the culture of many more. While spoken Arabic varies across region, written Arabic, sometimes called Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), is a uniform version used for official communication across the Arab world [9]. The characters of Arabic script and similar character are used by a much higher entitlement of the worlds population to write language such as Arabic, Farsi, Persian and Urdu. Thus the ability to automate the understanding of written Arabic would have wide spread benefits. Arabic is normally written in the calligraphic Nastaliq script, whereas Naskh is more commonly used. Usually, bare transliterations of Arabic into Roman letters exclude many phonemic elements that have no counterpart in English or other languages commonly written in the Roman alphabet. National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed numeral systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be appropriately read by someone already familiar with Urdu, Persian, or Arabic for letters such as ? ? ? ? or ? and Hindi for letters. Most of Arabic characters when pooled form a degree of about 45 to the horizontal line because of which Arabic script reading is faster than roman script but on the other hand it makes it harder for the greenhorn readers and the machines to identify the word or segment one character from the rest. Unlike the English script there is no capital or small characters in Urdu, but the last character of a word can be measured as a capital character as in many cases it presents the full form of the character and the characters at early and middle positions are considered as small. Every character has an impartial shape besides different joining forms, but some of the alphabet like the characters making the word Urdu (? ? ? ?) or of the similar category are not joinable or cannot be connected. Arabic alphabet utilizes consonant letters, vowels, diacritic marks, numerals, punctuations and a few superscripts signs. The graphical representation of each alphabet has surplus one form depending on its position and context in the word. In general each letter has four forms that is beginning, middle, final and standalone as shown in table 3.1. 3.2. Arabic Letters: The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Each has between two and four shapes and the choice of which shape to use depends on the situation of the letter within its word or sub word. The shape correspond to the four positions: beginning of a (sub) word, middle of a (sub) word. End of a (sub) word and in isolation. Table 3.1 shows each shape for each letter. Letters without initial shapes are purely their isolated shapes, and their medial shapes are their final shapes. Some letters have descanters or ascenders which are position that extend below the primary line on which the letters sit or above the stature of most letters. Theres no upper or lower case, but only one case. Arabic script is written from right to left, and Letters within a word are usually joined even in machine print. Letter shapes and whether or not to connect depend on the letter and its neighbors. Letters are connected at the same virtual height. The baseline is the line at the height at which letters are allied, and it is akin to the line on which some an English word sits. Letters are wholly above it except for decanters and some markings. Theres no association between separate words. So word boundaries are always represented by a breathing space. Six letters, however, can be allied only on one side. When they occur in the middle of a word, the word is divided into manifold sub-words separated by space. A ligature is a word shaped by combining two or more letters in an accepted manner. Arabic has numerous standard ligatures, which are exception to the above rules for joining letters. Most common is laam- alif, the combination of laam and alif and other include yaa-meem. 3.3. Problems Of Arabic Script: Despite a huge character set Arabic has a small set of characters which are easily discernible from one another. The remaining character fluctuates from these character using dots or symbols above or below these shapes [19]. The table 3.2 shows group of similar characters and their derived forms. As shown above table 3.2, only 21 different groups exits out of 32 character set. It will complicate the identification phase of Arabic characters. Further study of other forms ( initial, middle and final ) of these character divulges that ein( ) is analogous to hamza(?), wow (?) might be perplexing with (?) , ze (?) resembles noon () and mem(?) can be baffled with middle form of ein () and with stand alone goal-he (?). A key distinction between Latin scripts and Arabic script is the fact that many letters only differ by a dot(s) but the primary stroke is exactly the same. [19] 3.4. Others Problems In Arabic OCR: All Muslims (almost  ¼ of the people on the earth) can read Arabic because it is the language of Al-Quran, the holy book of Muslims. Even though, Arabic script identification has not received enough welfare by the researchers. Little research progress has been accomplished comparing to the one done on the Latin and Chinese. The elucidations available in the market are still far from being perfect [11, 14]. There are few raison dà ªtres led to this result. Require of financial support and platform accessible from any government (official language of countries). lack of ample support in terms of journals, books etc. and lack of interaction between researchers in this playing field; lack of broad-spectrum support utilities like Arabic text databases, dictionaries, programming tools, and supporting staff; belatedly start of Arabic text identification (first publication in 1975 compared with the 1940s in the case of Latin character recognition); The research carried out on Arabic language is typically scattered and outside from the Arab world. There are no specialized conferences or symposium demeanor so far. Algorithms developed for other language scripts are not pertinent on Arabic. 3.5. Characteristics Of Arabic Characters: The calligraphic nature of the Arabic set is eminent from other languages in several ways. For example, Arabic text is written from right to left. No upper or lower cases subsist in Arabic, but sometimes the last character of a word is considered as upper case because its always remains in its full form. Arabic has 28 fundamental characters, of which 16 have from one to three dots. Those dots discriminate between the otherwise similar characters. Additionally, three characters can have a meander like stroke. The dots are called secondaries and they are located above the character primary part as in ALEF (?), or below like BAA (?), or in the middle like JEEM (?). Written Arabic text is cursive mutually in machine-printed and hand-written text. Within a word, some characters unite to the preceding and/or following characters, and some do not connect. The connectivity of characters consequences in a word having one or more connected components. We will refer to each connected piece of a word as a sub-word. The shape of an Arabic character depends on its location in the word; a character might have up to four different shapes depending on it being isolated, connected from the right (beginning form), connected from the left (ending form), or connected from both sides (middle form). A distinguishing feature of Arabic writing is the presence of a base-line. The baseline is a level line that runs through the connected portions of text (i.e. where the characters connection segments are located). The baseline has the highest number of text pixels. (See figure 3.2.) Characters in a word may overlie vertically (even without touching). Arabic characters do not have permanent size (height and width). The character size varies according to its pose in the word, Characters in a word can have diacritics. These diacritics are written as strokes, placed either on top of, or below, the characters. Poles apart diacritic on a character may change the meaning of a word. Readers of Arabic are accustomed to reading un-diacritical text by deducing the meaning from context. Numerous characters can combine vertically to form a ligature, especially in typeset and handwritten text. Arabic words may perhaps consist of one or more sub-words. Each sub-word may have one or more characters, because some Arabic characters are not joinable to others from the left side. As an example, the word Ketab ( ) consists of two sub-words: Keta ( ) which consists of three characters and BAA( ?) which is a single character. There are merely three characters that represent vowels, ? , ? or ? . However, there are other shorter vowels represented by diacritics in the form of over scores or underscores but practice of over score and underscore in Arabic is less Dots may materialize as two separated dots, touched dots, hat or as a stroke. Another style of Arabic handwriting is the arty or decorative calligraphy which is usually full of overlapping making the identification process even more difficult by human being rather than by computers. 3.6. Summary: Arabic script includes its cursive nature of writings, right to left style of writing and change of form and shape when a character is placed at different locations of a word, loops, half closed characters and dots on above or below a character. National Language Authority defined 32 characters set but it has 21 working characters beside numeral and diacritics. Chapter 4 ARABIC CHARACTER RECOGNITION 4.1. Phases Of Arabic Character Recognition: In an offline character identification system, the user scans a particular script, runs the OCR and gets the documents saved in a file format of his choice. The alteration of the text from the scanning phase to the final document involves a number of phases that are transparent to the user. The proposed system can be implemented in the following steps: Image Acquisition; Digitization; Preprocessing; Feature extraction; Recognition. Figure 4.1 shows the componen

After graduating Essay

After graduating from Ashford University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Child Development; , I am hoping to obtain a job working in the Public school system alongside the Pre-k teachers in implementing programs for Pre-k or become an owner of a childcare center. The nature of families and children in relation to society is important for my profession because in order to help improve the childcare center. I also hope to develop programs for Pre-k that children and their families will benefit from. I first need to know how the child’s family has a big impact on the child’s life and their ability to function in society. Not knowing anything about the child’s background, I feel like I won’t be able to do my job as best to my ability and give the child the appropriate guidance that they need to be successful. Every child is different and part of that comes from their family and home environment. This is what makes them unique and they bring that uniqueness to the classroom. Before we can try to understand the child we first need to understand the child as a whole, their background and family life. The knowledge that I have of the theories of socialization will impact my work in my future profession. This is because of the fact I will know what works and what’s best for the child and what doesn’t work. From experience I know that every child is different so what may work for one child won’t necessarily work for another child. Child’s have different temperament some kids are outgoing and outspoken while others are quiet and shy. The ones that are quiet and shy; I’ve learned you have to work harder at providing opportunities for them to work with other children. . By knowing the theories of socialization, I know what the family’s role is in socializing. The child and I know what my role as a teacher is in socializing the child. I also know what signs to look out for such as bullying and when a child is  having trouble. I also know that a child’s culture background has a lot to do with their socialization and I need to keep that i n mind. A lot of cultures do things differently, for instance, I may mistake a child’s not looking me in the eye as a sign of disrespect, but in some countries it is disrespectful for a child to look someone with authority in the eyes. Before I assume something about a child, I first need to get to know the child and learn about their culture. My understanding of child development will help assist me in my chosen profession because I will be able to help the parents and children that I will be working with. By being knowledgeable in child development I will be able to answer any questions that may arise from the parents. It will help me to do my job correctly and be able to bring out the best in the children I work with. It also gives me a chance to share my knowledge of child development with others. By knowing that each child goes through each stage of development at different times and knowing when a child may not be learning at the rate they are supposed to be, I may be able to catch a child that may have a learning disability because I know what signs to look for and when to notify the parents of any concerns. Also, by knowing what stage of development a child is in and what age, I will be able to implement the correct programs and activities for them that will challenge them. The nature of families and children in relation to society is important for my profession because in order to help improve the childcare center. I also hope to develop programs for Pre-k that children and their families will benefit from. I first need to know how the child’s family has a big impact on the child’s life and their ability to function in society. Not knowing anything about the child’s background, I feel like I won’t be able to do my job as best to my ability and give the child the appropriate guidance that they need to be successful. Every child is different and part of that comes from their family and home environment. This is what makes them unique and they bring that uniqueness to the classroom. I look forward to new door of opportunities that I will embark upon after recei ving my Bachelor Degree in Child Development.

Vietnam and Oliver Stone - 1023 Words

Oliver Stone is best known from his portrayals of Vietnam in film. His movies â€Å"Platoon† and â€Å"Born on the Fourth of July† have won him Academy Awards for best director. These movies not only depicted the violence of war, but also the cultural and psychological issues that the soldiers in these wars had to endure. The majority of his earliest and best known movies center around the Vietnam War. Oliver Stone’s experience in the military gave him a special insight that made his movies feel more authentic and convincing to audiences. These movies portray the struggles that soldiers and veterans of the Vietnam War had to face on and off the battlefield. Platoon is Oliver Stone’s first film portrayal of Vietnam. The film starts off with main†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Born on the Fourth of July† differs from â€Å"Platoon† in that the movie goes more in depth of the struggles many veterans had to overcome after the Vietnam War. Be ing an autobiography, the movie depicts Kovic’s life before the war. On his last night before leaving to the Marines, Kovic confronts a high school sweetheart at prom and has one last dance before departing. During his tour of Vietnam Kovic accidentally shoots and kills a fellow Marine. Feeling Responsible for the death he confesses to his commanding officer who simply tells him to â€Å"Forget it.† Shortly thereafter Kovic is paralyzed from the chest down after he is shot by the enemy. Kovic’s struggle begins when he arrives back in the United States. The military rehabilitation center he is staying at has deplorable conditions, apathetic staff, and absentee doctors. These elements bring focus to the general negative attitude that Americans had towards veterans at the time. â€Å"The U.S. Kovic left behind is unrecognizable, yet as he struggles uselessly to regain control of his body he remains steadfast in his ideas.† (Salewicz 130) Kovic struggles not only to deal with being paralyzed, but also to assimilate back into society. Throughout his struggles he meets fellow veterans along the way who are also having difficulties adjusting. The spotlight on adjusting to society is a common theme among veterans and is still apparent with veterans today. Kovic’s hardshipsShow MoreRelatedThe War Of All Time1288 Words   |  6 PagesTrouble Comes Vietnam War, one of the most controversial war of all time, it is best known as the American War, a war between France who had claimed Vietnam as their territory against the communist forces Viet Minh. The year of 1947 when the Truman Doctrine was passed, to send United State trooped across the globe to oppose any communist force. Also countries gathered in Geneva to issue a peace agreement among French-Indochina and Korea. The Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17thRead MoreHeaven And Vietnam Film Analysis1355 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will prove that due to political aspects in both countries America and Vietnam, the Vietnam War occurred leading to devastating political consequences for their nations, both positive and negative. Which Oliver Stone showed very well through his Vietnam trilogy films called Platoon (1986), Born on the Fourth of July (1989), and Heaven and Earth (1993). All three of these Oliver Stone films contain political aspects from different positions of the film, in various diverse ways. Mostly shownRead MoreBorn on the Fourth of July Starring Tom Cruise781 Words   |  3 PagesFor the second film to review, I chose Born on the Fourth of July, which starred Tom Cruise as Ron Kovic, a soldier in the Vietnam War who upon returning to the United States becomes severely disillusioned and against the war in which he had previously been so enthusiastic about entering. I think that this is a film that shows what happened to soldiers when they returned home, from the horrifying conditions of VA medical facilities, the lack of support from the general public as well as the familiesRead More Political Communication in Oliver Stone’s Platoon and JFK Essay4747 Words   |  19 Pagesthis free choice final paper, I decided to analyze Oliver Stone and his two films Platoon and JFK. Oliver Stone, a three-time Academy Award winner and known as one o f the best filmmakers in his generation, ignores Hollywood convention warning against making films with a message. Among some of his great films, he made the two films Platoon and JFK. In Platoon, he presents a gritty and emotional examination of American soldiers during the Vietnam War through the lens of Chris Taylor, a biographicalRead MoreHistorical Events Portrayed During War Films1380 Words   |  6 Pagesof the account of history. Even though feature films aren’t all facts, they should still be credited because they portray the emotions of a historical time period. Oliver stone was an American film director who also served in the Vietnam War for fifteen months. He wanted to share his own experience and point of views about the Vietnam War that he gained first hand. The movie Platoon resembled all his experience that he encountered in Southeast Asia fighting with the Viet Cong. For example, in theRead MoreEssay on Hollywood and the Vietnam War2774 Words   |  12 Pagesoccurred in the mid-20th century shaped the country we live in today and Hollywood began creating films about events at the time. A few common themes for this time period include racism and civil rights, communism, youth culture, musical trends, and the Vietnam War. The film’s director was largely responsible for the accuracy of a movie and, because of freedom of speech, directors were open to presenting these events in the manner that he or she wished. The worldwide audience and popularity of films madeRead MoreMeaning Of Heroism1098 Words   |  5 Pagesstories known b y many people, such as Cinderella, who overcame challenges with a kind heart and good deeds. Although heroes are found all over the world in both real life and imagination, what about them makes them heroic? One individual named Oliver Stone, believes that being a hero involves becoming a better person and that the traits of a hero are seen everywhere, all the time, unnoticed. Another person named Dr. Phineas D. Gurley implies that heroism is shown by a one’s deeds and actions. AltogetherRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Assassination1482 Words   |  6 Pageshistorians didn’t think that there was a conspiracy. I have randomly selected three historians who’s names follow: Michael Rivero, Daniel Czitrom, and Oliver Stone. These are three very credible historians, and have done thorough research on President John F. Kennedy’s assassination. I will first start off with historian Oliver Stone. According to Stone, the President’s Commission on the assassination presented their findings to President Lyndon B. Johnson, which concluded the alleged assassin, LeeRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien793 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien there is an ambiguity assigned to the life of a soldier in the Vietnam war, an ambiguity that represents no clear moral victor, no clear heroes, and seemingly no end. In the movie, Platoon, written and directed by Oliver Stone, the same ambiguity is depicted, with no clear moral direction, no clear heroes, and no clear resolution. In the short story, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† O’Brien talks in great detail about how a true war story, andRead MoreAnalysis of Platoon2185 Words   |  9 Pagesmovie Platoon, the author, Oliver Stone, tells us a story about an American soldier in Vietnam during the war. The sto ry is mostly based on his own experience when he went there. Even though the story is fictional, he keeps it really realistic and the more close possible to what was reality in Vietnam. He shows how that war was hell for the soldiers we sent there and also for the local population. Oliver Stone produced Platoon to show his disapproval of the war in Vietnam, because that war harmed the

Issue on Marijuana Essay example - 658 Words

Legalization of Marijuana in the United States is an ongoing topic that has been going on for several years. There are vast majority of Americans who are for this move and against this move. While each side has several good arguments to defend their case, neither one has a distinct advantage over the other. I will be going over several arguments or point of views as well will have several facts about the effects of Marijuana whether it is good or bad. Marijuana is a very prominent and controversial issue in society today. Many people are under the assumption that Marijuana is a harmful drug and receive heavy criticism because of stereotypical view people have on â€Å"pot smokers† or â€Å"pot heads. However it is a well know fact that people†¦show more content†¦It has also proven to be able to bring in a substantial amount of revenue for certain states. However Marijuana does have its negative effects on the human body. Marijuana causes physical effects which includes increased heart and pulse rate, bloodshot eyes, and dry throat and mouth. Studies have shown that the earlier age people decide to use marijuana the more likely they will experiment with other drugs, and lose interest and are unmotivated to do any kind of schoolwork. It decreases your ability to drive by slowing down your ability to think properly and slows down you reflexes. Studies have also determined after long continued use individuals can bec ome â€Å"burnt out† which makes the individual dull, slow moving, and inattentive. Marijuana has its pro’s but it also has its cons. In its entirety it’s an individual’s opinion on whether or not it’s good for society. To this day there have been several determinations about the legalization of Marijuana in the United States, and the causes and effects it has on society. Mendocino County is known for growing Marijuana in the state of California and is legal for the most part due to the medical use. Cartels however are using this to their advantage and are growing weed within the county to grow Marijuana on their own. Last week the DEA has confiscated over $800 million worth of pot. Three months ago the DEA has also determined that Marijuana has â€Å"no accepted medical use† and shouldShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Legalization Of Marijuana1605 Words   |  7 Pagesfamous scientists in the United States known as Carl Sagan. Marijuana has been one of the most debated topics in the media today, and numerous years before. Altogether, this debate has raised many questions, yet with very few answers of whether the legalization of marijuana should be passed, and expressed throughout the nation as a whole. The fight for legalizing marijuana has embraced itself to see success. The legalization of marijuana is essential in society today for three reasons: failed prohibitionRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Marijuana1324 Words   |  6 PagesDoes it really come to morality after all? The decision to legalize marijuana has been subject for debate since first introduced in 1969; many arguing the fact that we are sitting on an industry worth an estimated 113 billion dollars. For once we have an opportunity to make a real impact in our economy. We have an aid on â€Å"the war on drugs†. But are we then showing our children that legalizing drugs is really the answer to our problems or does only the big picture mater in the end? Will this bringRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalization Of Marijuana886 Words   |  4 PagesL egalization of Marijuana Many Americans struggle with the idea of legalizing marijuana.. Does legalizing marijuana, for medical purposes, help people suppress the symptoms of depression and anxiety? Research shows us many different ways that medical marijuana helps people who struggle with depression and anxiety. For depression, it suppresses their symptoms. It also lifts their moods. For anxiety it helps push away the worriness and the stress of things they cannot control. Many people are diagnosedRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Marijuana1821 Words   |  8 PagesThe issue of Legalizing marijuana is a very controversial topic of modern times. The use of marijuana is all over the media with celebrities doing it and young people in on the craze. Marijuana is the world’s oldest illegal drug, not only that, it is also the drug that is most widely used among society today (Aanstoos, 2015). Different types of people use this drug for a variety of reasons, such as, as a way to disconnect from todays hectic world, something they are peer pressured into, or even medicalRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalization Of Marijuana Essay1857 Words   |  8 PagesLegalization of Marijuana The role that social policies have in the lives of every citizen cannot be understated, as the rules, regulations, and laws that govern our society provide the foundation off which our social welfare system operates. Over the past several decades, the social policy issue of the legalization of marijuana has gained substantial traction in the public eye, making it a priority topic to be addressed on the government agenda. With Colorado and Washington becoming the firstRead MoreThe Issue Of Marijuana Legalization1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe matters of marijuana Marijuana is still illegal in the eyes of the federal government but the states claim it is, in fact, legal for the states to openly practice recreational and medicinal usage of the drug. Now with many people sick the only other option after numerous prescriptions that make the people sicker marijuana given its pain releasing properties seems to be the only thing we can count on. Marijuana first dated euphoric use dates back to 2737 BC. Its use spread from China to IndiaRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalization Of Marijuana958 Words   |  4 Pagesalcohol! The government knows what’s good for us! You can’t overdose on marijuana! Public schools told me â€Å"Be Healthy, don’t do drugs.† Arguments such as these are always thrown back and forth when going into a controversial conversation dealing with legalization of marijuana. Many people are on both ends of the spectrum when dealing with the legalization some may personally be involved due to run-ins with the law, family related issues, or personal beliefs. In a study, it was concluded that â€Å"more thanRead MoreThe Issue Of Marijuana Legalization Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages The issue of marijuana legalization has been a hot topic in recent times, but to understand first why it became illegal. Marijuana became illegal the first time shortly after the Mexican Revolution ended in 1910. After their revolution, many people from Mexico brought with them their customs their ideas and with them they brought their use of marijuana as a relaxant and medicine for many ailments. Even though, the use of cannabis was already prevalent in America at the time, the term â€Å"marihuana†Read MoreThe Issue Of Marijuana And Its Potential2206 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The issue of Marijuana and its possible legalization has been one of the most hotly debated topics over the last century. While at first, the idea of legalization was seen as a radical one, it has become more and more mainstream over the years. The presidential election was not the only important decision left up to voters in the United States on November 8th, while Donald Trump was elected president, the people of California, Nevada, Massachusetts and other states voted in favor ofRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalization Of Marijuana3672 Words   |  15 Pages​The reader will be informed on the conflict within the United States dealing with the possible legalization of marijuana. Steps have been taken over the years involving laws prohibiting marijuana as well as steps getting closer to legalization. This debate continues to be a large conflict amongst citizens and politicians that are for and against the legalization of marijuana throughout the United States. ​There are four key steps to the method of problem solving and negotiation that are explained

American Sign Language Is Not A Universal Language

We exchange thousands of words everyday with people around us. Most of us gifted with the ability to listen to a friend, process it in our brain and respond through our mouth. However, there are some people who lack these kinds of ability, unfortunately. Unlike us, this group of people use sign language to communicate with others. For everyday life, deaf people use sign language to communicate with one another. It is a complete language that involves hand movement added with facial expression and body movements. According to National Associates of the Deaf (NAD), â€Å"American Sign Language (ASL) is a visual language. Through signing, the brain processes linguistic information through the eyes. The shape, placement, and movement of the hands, as well as facial expressions and body movements, all play important parts in conveying information.† American Sign Language is not a universal language. Just like spoken language, different types of sign languages are spoken in differen t countries. For example, United Kingdom use the British Sign Language (BSL), and Japan uses the Japanese Sign Language (NAD). Like many other linguistic groups, deaf people have their own culture and community. According to the World Federation of the Deaf, deaf people as a linguistic minority share common experiences in life, and this establishes itself in Deaf culture. They often have same or similar beliefs, attitudes, history, norms, values, literary traditions, and art. There are many local andShow MoreRelatedDeafness : The Deaf World947 Words   |  4 PagesDeaf people communicate through sign languages and the languages are absolutely beautiful. Sign Language isn’t an international language because every region have their own, but there are universal features in sign languages. The universal features in sign languages allow different sign language users to understand each other effortlessly. Sign language communication through body gestures so in a way, most hearing people themselves use some sort of sign language. For example, it’s smiling to showRead MoreNative American Sign Languag e Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesNative American Sign Language Very basic, elementary and logical characteristics made the Native American Sign Language the worlds most easily learned language. It was Americas first and only universal language. The necessity for intercommunication between Indian tribes having different vocal speech developed gesture speech or sign language (Clark; pg. 11). Although there is no record or era dating the use of sign language, American Indian people have communicated with Indian Sign Language forRead MoreChloe Ziff . Professor Gary Rosenblatt. April 13, 2017.991 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Gary Rosenblatt April 13, 2017 American Sign Language II Seeing Voices By Oliver Sacks Seeing Voices is a profound novel that was written by famous neurologist,  Oliver Sacks in 1989. Seeing Voices is a book that delves into the history of Sign Language and expresses a genuine meaning behind what language truly is.   Oliver Sacks is an engaging and fascinating writer. Being able to explore outside what he is used to, he can expand his knowledge about language. Being knowledgeable on psychiatryRead MoreEnglish Is An International Business Language1399 Words   |  6 Pagesaccelerating the development of a universal way of life is proved by the spread of English. Language - the great agent of homogenization, it is the wave on which culture is transmitted. If English becomes the main language of communication, the consequences are obvious: culture of English-speaking countries will be dominant in the world. English is the first universal global language. Although there may be as many people who speak different dialects of Chinese language, as well as English-speaking , neverthelessRead Morenonverbal communication Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesthat nonverbal communication is universal, but it’s not. There are multiple times when people use alternative methods of communication. Most of the time people are communicating when they don’t even know it. For instance, a job interview deals with a lot of communication and different types of different cultures. Each culture interprets body language, posture, and gesture differently. For example, when someone sticks their middle finger up at you, we as Americans know that is disrespectful. InRead MoreNonverbal Communication : Non Verbal Communication890 Words   |  4 Pagesverbal communications are observed can be traced to differences in facial signs that individuals from West and East look for when detecting emotions (Serlin, Berger Bar-Sinai, 2007). Therefore, people from distinctive cultures are expected to be taught to express their feeling via clear indications, although those from collective cultures are trained to subdue individual feeling, assigning them ultimately via indirect signs. Jui-Pi (2014), offers a relatively simple-minded view of nonverbal communicationRead MoreDeafness And Other Communication Disorders984 Words   |  4 Pageslegitimacy of signed languages, the greater part of different societies around the world classified Deaf people as disabled. This term disconnects all of the persons labeled from normal life, degrading them at the same time. Although a few people are better educated and choose to not use the word disabled, it still is a common title given to those who are Deaf. Another example of misinformation is the general idea that American Sign Language is English translated into signs word for word. VariousRead MoreNotes On American Sign Language1464 Words   |  6 Pages American Sign Language Overview American Sign Language is language that is predominantly spoken and used by all ages who may be deaf or communicating with someone who is deaf. It has lingua franca language, and many use it as a second language. We use a variation of sign language each day, for example our body language or hand gestures. When we are trying to explain something or imply how we feel we move and have expressions. Sign Language uses those emphasis of gestures to imply importance, emotionRead MoreThe Effects Of Deafness On Deaf Children1669 Words   |  7 Pagescollectivism, identity, transnationalism, community, and Deaf Space. American Sign Language is a visual-based language that is the primary language used by Deaf individuals. American Sign Language benefits our society due to the language’s visual nature, which produces a creative expression that is otherwise not experienced in oral languages. Research done by Bauman and Murray has shown that â€Å"Deaf individuals who use American Sign Language have more well-developed peripheral vision, a greater ability toRead More The Critical Period Hypothesis of Language Acquisition Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Period Hypothesis of Language Acquisition Ahhhhh! I yell in frustration. Ive been studying Spanish for seven years, and I still cant speak it fluently. Well, honey, its not your fault. You didnt start young enough, my mom says, trying to comfort me. Although she doesnt know it, she is basing her statement on the Critical Period Hypothesis. The Critical Period Hypothesis proposes that the human brain is only malleable, in terms of language, for a limited time. This

Fiction and Story Free Essays

Character Analysis The Story: the Monkey’s Paw * Character: Pamela * Point of View: Third Person Omniscient * Writing Genre: Descriptive * The Monkey’s Paw was a descriptive story because throughout the whole story they were describing the paw and throughout the Afterlife you will see Pamela describing her feelings on what happen to her brother Herbert. * Fiction Genre: Mystery * I picked mystery for the Monkey’s Paw because in the end of the story I wasn’t clear on what happen and in the afterlife things happened that no one knows but me. * Literary Device: Conflict I picked conflict as my literary device because there’s a lot of conflict in this story with Pamela, Herbert, Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Fiction and Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now White, Mr. White, and the star of the book â€Å"The Paw†. And also in the afterlife there’s a lot of conflict between Mr. White and Pamela * Literary Convention: Dialogue * I chose dialogue as my literary convention device because throughout the entire story there were * I picked comprehension for my blooms taxonomy device because you have to comprehend what happen in the regular Monkey’s Paw before you can understand what’s going on in the afterlife. Rhetorical: Onomatopoeia * I chose Onomatopoeia for the Rhetorical device because in The Money’s Paw afterlife the story has a lot of sound effects. * Sigmund Freud: ID * I chose ID as my Sigmund Freud device because in the afterlife the characters have childish types of behavior. * Writing Mode: Reflection * I picked reflection to be my writing genre device subgenre because throughout the sequel it will be flashbacks on why something happened. * Nonfiction Genre: * Philosophy The Story: Swimming To Antarctica Character: Ms. Cox * Point of View: Third Person Omniscient * Writing Mode: Narrative * Swimming to Antarctica was a Narrative story because Ms. Cox was telling the story and she was the person who was actually swimming to Antarctica. * Fiction Genre: Mystery * I picked mystery as my fiction genre because after the original story Swimming to Antarctica was over they didn’t explain to the reader what happen to Ms. Cox. But, you will find out what happened to her in the afterlife of Swimming to Antarctica. Literary Device: Conflict * I chose conflict as my literary device for â€Å"SA† because in the afterlife there is a lot of conflict between Ms. Cox and her health. * Literary Convention: Dialogue * Dialogue plays a very big role in the afterlife of Swimming to Antarctica. You will see that Ms. Cox and her doctor having multiple conversations. * Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension * For the afterlife of Swimming to Antarctica you will have to remember what happen in the original story. * Rhetorical: Onomatopoeia Throughout the afterlife of â€Å"SA† there will be sound effects and actions going on. * Sigmund Freud: ID * I chose ID because once again there will be childish decisions that Ms. Cox make in the afterlife of Swimming to Antarctica that will classify her as ID. * Writing Mode: Reflection * In Swimming to Antarctica Afterlife you will realize that I will be having flashbacks on what happened in the original story. * Nonfiction Genre: * Philosophy: The Story: Occupation Conductorette * Character: Maya Angelou * Point of View: Third Person Omniscient Writing Genre: Persuasive * Occupation Conductorette was a persuasive story because Ms. Angelou was trying to persuade the people to give her a job at their company. * Fiction Genre: Mystery * I picked mystery for the afterlife of Occupation Conductorette because no one knows what happened in 2019 with Maya Angelou and the job she wanted so bad. * Literary Device: Conflict * Throu ghout the afterlife of Occupation Conductorette you will figure out that there is a lot of conflict between Maya Angelou and the young lady Paradise. Literary Convention: Dialogue * In the Afterlife of Occupation Conductorette there will be more than enough dialogue between Maya Angelou, Paradise, and the white man. * Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension * In the afterlife of â€Å"OC† you will see a big change in rolls and you wouldn’t understand what’s going on if you didn’t comprehend the original â€Å"OC†. * Rhetorical: Onomatopoeia * Throughout the afterlife of â€Å"OC† there will be sound effects but not as much as the others stories because â€Å"OC† is a more serious taking story. Sigmund Freud: ID * I chose ID because in the Afterlife Maya Angelou had a few ID behaviors when it came down to her making a decision. * Writing Mode: Reflection * Throughout the afterlife of Occupation Conductorette you will see Maya Angelou have flash backs on her experience of begging for a job. * Nonfiction Genre: * Philosophy: The Story: The Leap * Character: The Mom * Point of View: Third Person Omniscient * Writing Mode: Expository * The Leap to me is classified as a expository story because How to cite Fiction and Story, Papers

Preventing System For Criminal Activities †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Devices And Activities Which Should Be Protected Against The Occurrence Of Cyber-Criminal Offence? What Is The Reason Behind The Success Of The Intrusion? What The Issues Rose By The Cyber Threats? Why The Security Threats Are Not Detected Proactively? What Are The Punishment Standards For The Digital Offence? What Are The Risks Associated With The Security Of The Digital Information? Answers: Introduction The cyber-security is the set of standards and principles used for securing digital environment. It helps in safeguarding the digital infrastructure from cyber-attack. The cyber-criminal activities are mainly associated with the fetching of the confidential information of the user, manipulation and modification in the information available on the internet, controlling of business activities, and many other (Tong, 2013). The step should be taken to provide prevention control mechanism for overcoming and resolving the issues associated with the digital activities performed on the internet. The cyber security strategies should be built for getting best quality result of resolving security issues. The technological devices should be placed with the international standards for preventing the system for cyber-criminal activities. Project Objective The objective of the project is to research on the need of cyber security parameters. The increasing rate of cyber-crime affects the working of the organization. The research should be organized which helps in developing the key parameters of security for preventing loss of data due to the occurrence of cyber-crime activity. The research helps in determining the prevention methods which plays an important role in providing solution to the security problems. Project Scope The research scope is to analyse the cyber-security system and the prevention methods which should be taken to make secure the system with the deployment of vulnerabilities and other associated attacks. The focus should be given on analysing the cyber-crimes occurrence and the impact, countermeasures used for securing the system, and cyber threats associated with the security infrastructure. Literature Review The analysis of various research papers and articles has been done to carry over the research study on determining the facts and figures associated with the cyber-security (Faris, 2010). The online and offline resources are used for collecting data on cyber crimes and proactive action plan which should be taken by the experts. The cyber-crime can be conducted at international level by the cyber-criminals. The innovation in the field of digital life increases the activity of cyber-crime. Hacking and phishing are the major attacks which are associated with digital world. The cyber-criminal activities are mainly associated with the fetching of the confidential information of the user, manipulation and modification in the information available on the internet, controlling of business activities, and many other (Edgar, 2010). The contamination of the system can be resolved with the use of cyber security system. The capacity of the system can be enhanced with the use digital security metho d. The one time password generation is the effective technique used for securing the system. The cyber security guidelines and principles should be used for expanding the security policies of the organization. The innovation in the cyber-security helps in resolving the issues of cyber-crime. The risks management plan helps in identifying the threats and risks associated with the digital network. The cyber-security is the set of standards and principles used for securing digital environment. It helps in safeguarding the digital infrastructure from cyber-attack. The subsequent risks mitigation plans should be developed according to the identified risks. The expertise in cyber security helps in managing the security issues of the digital tools and technologies. The cyber security strategies should be built for getting best quality result of resolving security issues. The cyber security challenges which come forth are categorised as hacking, phishing attack, virus and malware attack, an d other. The intrusion detection and prevention method should be used for developing the security framework for the organization. The loss of the data can be minimized with the use of intrusion detection and prevention method and other security measures within the curriculum of the organization Research question: The research questions helps in taking the research in right direction. The research questions which are undertaken to perform the research activities are depicted below: Research Hypothesis The progress and completion of the research helps in developing security credentials to overcome the problem of threats and vulnerabilities which are associated with the system. The use of innovative thinking helps in bringing significant changes in the security infrastructure of the organization (Caesar, 2012). The hypothesis which is undertaken is that the preventive measure taken by the expert to overcome the situation of cyber threats. The innovation in the cyber-security helps in resolving the issues of cyber-crime. The risks management plan helps in identifying the threats and risks associated with the digital network. The test matrix should be prepared for analysing the precaution method taken for securing the system (Brown, 2010). The following is the analysis matrix related with the inclusion of threats and security measures taken: Analysis of the Cyber-Threats Preventive measures for cyber security How to spoof user identity The strong authentication protocols should be used The credentials of the User should not be leaked Authentication cookies should be protected How to protect data tampering The hashing and signing function should be used for protecting data (Shodhganga, 2010) The strong authorization protocol should be developed The protocols should be used for removing tampering from the communication links The security methods should be used for managing integrity in the communication links How to prevent repudiation of the data The audit trails should be created for security Digital signature should be used for preventing data repudiation How to prevent disclosure of information The strong authorization protocol should be developed The hashing and signing function should be used for protecting data (Bailey, 2013) Digital signature should be used for preventing disclosure of information (Gasser, 2015) The strong authentication protocols should be used How to prevent system from denial of service attack Throttling techniques are used for managing utilization of resources and associated bandwidth of the network used (Brien, 2015) Filtering the input for validation Gathering of information The routers should be used for the configuration of the request Configuration of the operating system should be done periodically How to prevent sniffing attack on the network The physical security parameters should be used The encryption and cryptographic procedures should be used for managing authentication credential How to prevent hijacking of the complete session The session should be made in the encrypted format Communication channels should be used in the encrypted format How to secure system from viruses and malware attack The ports of the firewall should be blocked Anti-malware and anti-virus should be installed in the system Research Design ad methodology Qualitative Research The qualitative research was undertaken by using the methods like observation, arrangement of in-depth interviews, document review system, formulation of theory, analysis of the text based documents, and others which are summarised below: Observation: The observation of activities in the working of the organization helps in analysing the flow of work and the possibility of data leakages from where the cyber-attacker get a chance to attack on the system. There is no direct face to face interview is required with the experts. Arrangement of In-depth interview: The descriptive data can be collected associated with the flaws and gaps of the security methods. Document Review: The literature review helps in analysing the different views of the author on the research undertaken by them. Theory formulation: The analysis of the literature view should be created in the standard format and structure which gives the clear idea about the result and evaluation. Analysis of the text based document: The document should be prepared of the information gathered from the different offline and online sources. Organization of conferences and seminars: The question and answer set up is developed by sending invitation to ethical hackers, policy makers, digital forensic investigators, testers, and others to generate the flow of ideas which are relevant to the research study. Online communication: The online portal opens the door for establishing online research forum to circulate new ideas, discussions, opinions, and thoughts on the research topic of cyber security prevention methods (Hoeks, 2009). The analysis of the discussions helps in generating new tools and technologies or security methods for securing the current infrastructure with the occurrence of cyber threats and vulnerabilities. Surveys: The online and offline surveys are organized with the professionals for analysing the situation of cyber threats in the organization and what are the proactive action taken by the professionals (Effiong, 2010) Questionnaire: The online and offline Questionnaire are organized with the professionals for analysing the situation of cyber threats in the organization and what are the proactive action taken by the professionals. Interview: The face to face interviews are organized with the professionals for analysing the situation of cyber threats in the organization and what are the proactive actions taken by the professionals (Levy, 2014). Quantitative Research The quantitative research was undertaken by using the methods like honey pots, numerical analysis statistical testing, and others. Arrangement of Honeypots: The honeypot helps in creating the simulation of the cyber-attack which helps in analysing the gaps and flaws of the current security architecture (Meushaw, 2012)). Sampling: The adequate amount of population should be chosen for testing the effects of cyber vulnerabilities on the security architecture. Statistical testing: It is the quantitative approach of research methodology which is based on hypothetical testing of the relevant data. The research study on cyber security has the following limitation: The research scope: The development of the research scope is limited to the participant users on carrying over the research on cyber security. Communication with the IT experts: The analysis of the thoughts and opinion of the expert is not correctly done due to the use of professional language. The technical information is not provided for the research on cyber security (Salem, 2011) The company does not allow observing their working tactics. Time Schedule of the research plan The following table shows the timetable of the research proposal: Research Activity Start date Completion date Description Topic selection 20-Sep-17 24-Sep-17 The topic of the research is Cyber security Selection of the team members 22-Sep-17 24-Sep-17 The team members should be selected on the basis of their skills and interest in the research undertaken Collection of Relevant literature 25-Sep-17 30-Sep-17 The online and offline sources should be used for collecting relevant information Reviewing of the literature collected 01-Oct-17 05-Oct-17 The literature review is the process which should be used for analysing the undertaken literature to give the clear idea about the research topic Development of the primary and secondary research question 06-Oct-17 10-Oct-17 The research questions helps in taking the research in right direction. Development of the draft of the research proposal 11-Oct-17 20-Oct-17 The draft should be prepared before carrying out further research for approval Use of Research methodology 21-Oct-17 15-Nov-17 The data is collected by using different research methodologies Revision of the proposal 16-Nov-17 23-Nov-17 Revised the research draft proposal before sending it for approval and do the required changes Approval of the research proposal 24-Nov-17 25-Nov-17 Proposal approved Analysis of the data collected 26-Nov-17 31-Dec-17 The data collected from different online and offline sources Evaluation of the analysis 01-Jan-18 10-Jan-18 Evaluation of the analysis report Completion of the research report 11-Jan-18 20-Jan-18 The research work is completed Conclusion The research study helps in analysing the steps which should be taken to provide prevention control mechanism for overcoming and resolving the issues associated with the digital activities performed on the internet. The future research study should be carrying on development of framework for the implementation of the cyber laws in the working curriculum of the organization. The cyber security guidelines and principles should be used for expanding the security policies of the organization. The research helps in determining the prevention methods which plays an important role in providing solution to the security problems. References Bailey, M. (2013). Cyber security research ethics dialogue and strategy workshop. 1st ed. [ebook]. https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2014/creds2013_report/creds2013_report.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Brien, O. (2015). Privacy and cybersecuriy. 1st ed. [ebook]. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/28552575/02Cybersecurity.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Brown, R. (2010). The state of cyber-security. 1st ed. [ebook]. https://www.bbb.org/globalassets/shared/media/state-of-cybersecurity/cybersecurity-research-report.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. 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